OER and Open Learning on the rise in USA
Online learning enthusiasts could get a windfall of federal money under a
$2-billion grant program that the Obama Administration described on
Thursday. But how big the windfall will be—if it comes at all—remains
unclear.
One thing is for sure: The four-year program, designed to expand job
training at community colleges, signals a major endorsement of the
movement to freely share learning materials on the Internet.
That movement took hold a decade ago with MIT’s plan to publish free
online syllabi, lecture notes, and other content from all of its
courses. With this program, run by the Labor Department, parts of the
federal government are now embracing MIT’s radical idea as official
policy—dangling what could be an unprecedented amount of money for more
open courses.
“With $500-million available this year, this is easily one of the
largest federal investments in open educational resources in history,”
U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan said in a statement e-mailed to The
Chronicle. Mr. Duncan’s agency is working with the Labor Department on
the program.
So what specific tech goodies might the government invest in with all
that money? Official announcements from the Labor Department and White
House were short on details. But here’s what we can glean from a close
look at the 53-page document that lays out the grant guidelines: The
Obama administration is encouraging the development of high-quality
immersive online-learning environments. It suggests courses with simulations, with constant feedback, and with interactive software that can tailor instruction and tutoring to
individual students. It likes courses that students can use to teach themselves.
And it demands open access to everything: “All online and
technology-enabled courses must permit free public use and distribution,
including the ability to re-use course modules, via an online
repository for learning materials to be established by the federal
government.”
In other words, if a community college in Washington State gets a grant
to build an aerospace program for workforce training, it would have to
deposit all its digital stuff in an online library. Anybody who wants to
use it would be able to download the content, and they would have full
legal rights to reuse, revise, remix, or redistribute it, explained
Cable Green, director of eLearning and open education at the Washington
State
Board for Community & Technical Colleges. That’s because the
government is requiring that all work supported by the grants be made
available under what’s known as a “Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
License,” which Mr. Green described as “one of the most open content
licenses that exists.”
Beth Noveck, a professor at New York Law School and former White House
technology official, wrote that the openness requirement represented “a
fundamental and laudable shift in how grants are made in government.”
If all of this discussion of openness and free online courses sounds
familiar, it is. The Obama administration outlined a similar great
course giveaway in 2009, a $500-million proposal influenced by work done
in the Open Learning Initiative at Carnegie Mellon University. The
online proposal was part of a $12-billion plan to improve community
colleges, called the American Graduation Initiative, but that plan
collapsed during negotiations over legislation to overhaul student aid
and the nation’s health-care system.
The prospect that similar ideas could survive through this Labor
Department program thrilled openness advocates like Mr. Green. To save
students money on textbooks, his state is working on an ambitious
program to develop low-cost, online instructional materials for
community and technical colleges. The federal
money could mean more choices of content that his colleges could review for adoption in their classes.
“That’s a windfall,” he said. “The sheer volume of openly licensed content is going to expand dramatically.”
How dramatically is unclear. Creative Commons fanned excitement online
with a blog post headlined, “U.S. Department of Labor and Department of
Education commit $2-billion to create open educational resources for
community colleges and career training.” And Dave Cormier, a proponent
of open education based at the
University of Prince Edward Island, seized on that story to argue that
the money “could end the textbook industry as we know it.”
But when The Chronicle forwarded the Creative Commons story to Sara
Gast, a spokeswoman for the Education Department, she doused a little
cold water on all the excitement. “The headline is inaccurate,” she said
in an e-mail. “But at this point, as the solicitation phase is just
beginning, we don’t know how much of
Open Education at Tufts University, the United States
Please give a brief overview of the scope of open initiatives at your institution.
Tufts University’s leadership in the open educational resources movement
includes a broad spectrum of initiatives that span disciplines (health
sciences, social sciences and humanities), infrastructure (digital
libraries, enterprise platforms), and tools. Starting with the
Perseus Digital Library (classics) that began in the 1980’s, and
Tufts University Sciences Knowledgebase (TUSK,
health sciences) in the 1990’s, Tufts has been at the forefront of
developing comprehensive digital resources that benefit scholars,
researchers, and students around the globe. Since the early 2000′s, the
number of open projects has grown rapidly—now involving over a dozen
major initiatives from every Tufts school with hundreds of faculty,
student and staff contributors. To serve our diverse global community of
users, we have indexed these resources on the
Open.Tufts portal for easy reference.
What motivated your institution’s involvement with open education? Why did you get started?
Tufts’ core values support active citizenship and trans-institutional
collaboration with our domestic and international partners. Our
community’s involvement with open educational resources has been a
natural evolution from applying these aspirations.
How would you describe the level of commitment from faculty, students, and administration?
Tufts’ commitment to open academic resources has deep University-wide support, including formal endorsements from:
- Senior leadership, who have also committed core financial support
- University
Committee on Teaching and Faculty Development (standing committee since
1994 with representatives from all Tufts schools, including many
academic deans)
- University Library Council (directors from all our libraries, including Digital Collections and Archives and its open access Digital Library)
- Scholarly Communications Team (provides ongoing open access education to the Tufts community, including National Science Foundation data management)
- Tufts OpenCourseWare (OCW) Steering Committee
- Tufts Technology Services
In addition, we have been a Charter and sustaining member of the
OpenCourseWare Consortium (OCWC),
where Associate Provost Mary Lee serves on the Board of Directors.
Tufts just completed a pilot Provost Open Access Fund that supports
faculty manuscript submissions to journals listed in the
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).
Active discussions are underway on lessons learned and how to move
forward to continue to support faculty in open publishing.
In what ways has open education impacted institutional practice, reputation and/or culture?
Tufts’ open educational initiatives contribute to sustaining a culture
and structure that enables and fosters creative collaboration across the
university, our local communities, and the world. For example, Tufts
has been developing TUSK, Tufts University Sciences Knowledgebase, for
16 years. In April 2012, having shared the code with other schools under
a no-cost evaluation license for many years, we released Open TUSK to
GitHub, at
http://opentusk.org.
A growing number of schools in the USA, Africa and India are using TUSK
at individual schools, at multiple schools within an institution, or at
institutions across a network. For instance, several East African
institutions are using TUSK to share educational competencies and
content across their entire region. Challenges related to managing an
open source software require a steep learning curve such as learning how
to manage open code, keeping the open version updated, developing
virtualized and cloud-based environments, and supporting schools that
ask for help. The opportunities afforded by creating a community of
developers are large. TUSK has been
internationalized so
that it can be used in our partner French Congo institutions, and can
be translated precisely into any other language. East African
institutions can share pandemic training content across the region,
while still customizing locally.
Perseus, a trailblazer in the digital humanities, provides dynamic open
content and tools that enable learners, including undergraduates, to
contribute to scholarship on primary resources in the classics.
Our Scholarly Communications Team provides essential education to our
faculty about copyright, open access, open publishing, and related
issues.
The
Tufts Digital Library is
our university’s Fedora-based digital repository that continues to
evolve within the developing repository landscape. Originally developed
to support access and use of special collections held by Digital
Collections and Archives, the TDL is transforming into an open
institutional repository that can accommodate publications, research
data, and unique collections as it becomes a shared service to support
all of the University’s libraries and collecting units.
Many organizations and institutions are developing large spatial data
repositories. Discovering and accessing these data sets pose many
challenges. As a result, Tufts is leading an effort along with Harvard,
MIT and others to collaboratively develop an open source, federated web
application to rapidly discover, preview, and retrieve geospatial data
from disparate sources, called the
Open Geoportal.
It is comprised of several universities and organizations and makes
thousands of geospatial data layers available through a single open
source interface.
What motivates you to continue?
Four
foundational values at Tufts–knowledge, inclusion, innovation, and
impact– are directly tied to Tufts’ development and sharing of our open
educational resources.
Knowledge
results from the core of our work—research and teaching—that Tufts has
always been committed to share. Inclusion speaks to the diversity of
local and global voices that we engage in our work. The thirst for
innovation motivates everything we do, while impact is a major measure
of the value and effectiveness of our work. Using an open framework
significantly enhances each of these values by engaging a global
audience that both uses and contributes to our work.
Most
of our open initiatives have evolved naturally from faculty’s scholarly
work, and “openness” in turn has expanded that scholarly work in
innovative directions. The University provides support, but the faculty
provides the substance. The result is that Open Access is now woven into
the fabric at Tufts.
What are the most positive outcomes from your institution’s involvement with open initiatives?
We’ve developed a very rich environment for faculty and students to work
within that involves partners around the globe. Open Access goes beyond
sharing information: it stimulates and enables collaboration and
innovation around new methods to organize, personalize, and contribute
to the explosion of information our students, educators, and researchers
face.
In your
assessment, what were some of the most significant challenges your
institution had to overcome regarding your involvement with open
education?
- Education of faculty, including around intellectual property rights
- We
have a “travelling team” to integrate education into departmental
meetings and university events to raise awareness and point to
resources.
- Funding mechanisms
- We identified core university resources, but external funds remain a challenge.
- Providing sufficient infrastructure support for faculty
- This is linked to funding. Core infrastructure is there, but as awareness and demand grow, we need to be able to scale.
If you had to describe open education at your institution in 5 words, what would they be?
- faculty-driven
- innovative
- collaborative
- inclusive
- impactful